Cold weather takes a serious toll on worker safety. According to data from the University of Illinois, between 2003 and 2019, environmental cold exposure was linked to 31 workplace deaths and nearly 2,770 serious injuries and illnesses. OSHA puts strong emphasis on cold-weather safety because, while there’s no specific cold-stress standard, employers are still required under the General Duty Clause to protect workers from known hazards like frostbite, hypothermia, and slips on ice. In this post, we’ll explore the key winter hazards outdoor workers face, outline OSHA’s guidance, and share practical prevention tips for 2025.
OSHA’s Role in Winter Safety
OSHA’s mission is to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for employees across all industries, including those exposed to harsh winter environments. Under the General Duty Clause, employers are legally required to protect workers from recognized seasonal hazards. During winter, OSHA highlights risks such as cold stress illnesses (frostbite, hypothermia, trench foot), slips and falls on icy surfaces, and driving hazards caused by snow and reduced visibility. By following OSHA’s guidance, employers can reduce accidents and safeguard worker well-being throughout the season.
Major Winter Hazards for Workers
Winter weather brings a unique set of challenges that can put outdoor workers at serious risk if not addressed properly. From cold stress illnesses to accidents caused by ice and snow, understanding these hazards is the first step toward prevention. Below are the most common dangers workers face during the winter months:
Frostbite:
This occurs when skin and underlying tissue freeze, usually affecting fingers, toes, ears, and the nose. Early signs include numbness and pale skin, while severe cases may lead to blisters, tissue death, or even amputation if untreated.
Hypothermia:
A life-threatening condition where body temperature drops below 95°F (35°C). Mild symptoms include shivering and fatigue, while advanced stages bring confusion, slurred speech, and loss of consciousness.
Trench Foot:
Prolonged exposure to cold and damp conditions restricts blood flow in the feet. If left untreated, it can cause swelling, numbness, and long-term tissue damage.
Slips, Trips & Falls:
Icy walkways, ladders, and work surfaces greatly increase fall risks. Inadequate footwear or poorly maintained sites make these accidents even more likely.
Vehicle/Equipment Risks:
Snow, ice, and poor visibility reduce traction and control. Cold weather also increases the chance of equipment breakdowns, leading to delays and potential accidents.
OSHA Winter Safety Tips for Workers
To keep outdoor employees safe and productive during harsh winter conditions, OSHA recommends a series of proactive measures. These tips not only reduce the risk of cold-related illnesses but also help prevent accidents caused by snow, ice, and low visibility. Here are key safety practices every worker should follow:
Dress in Layers:
Wear moisture-wicking base layers to keep sweat off the skin, insulated mid-layers for warmth, and waterproof outer gear for protection against snow and rain. Don’t forget insulated gloves, hats, and face coverings to protect extremities. Layers keep your muscles, bones, and skin protected.
Use Proper PPE:
It’s important to have the right PPE for your workers. Specialized personal protective equipment (PPE) like thermal gloves, anti-slip footwear, face shields, and safety goggles is critical in preventing injuries and illnesses in freezing environments.
Stay Dry:
Wet clothing accelerates heat loss, making cold stress more likely. Workers should change out of damp socks, gloves, or jackets promptly and use waterproof boots to protect their feet from slush and ice.
Take Warm Breaks:
Either place heaters around the worksite or allow your employees to take time off to sit in the warm places to relax their body temperature. Regularly stepping into heated shelters, vehicles, or warming stations helps the body recover from cold exposure, reduces fatigue, and lowers the chances of hypothermia.
Hydrate and Fuel Up:
A well-fed and hydrated body stays warmer and stronger. Warm fluids and calorie-rich snacks provide the energy needed to withstand long hours in the cold.
Be Visible:
Shorter daylight hours and poor visibility from snow or fog increase accident risks. High-visibility jackets and reflective gear make workers more noticeable to vehicles and equipment operators.
Watch for Slips and Falls:
Icy walkways, ladders, and platforms require extra caution. Employers should clear and salt pathways, while workers should wear footwear with strong traction to prevent accidents.
Monitor Weather Conditions:
Staying updated on forecasts and wind chill factors helps plan tasks more safely. Severe storms, icy roads, or extreme temperatures may require adjusting or postponing outdoor work.
Recognize Warning Signs of Cold Stress:
Proper training is necessary for all workers to work and coordinate during the extreme winters. Workers should be trained to identify early symptoms of frostbite and hypothermia, such as numbness, shivering, or confusion. Reporting these signs quickly can prevent severe illness or injury.
Employer Responsibilities Under OSHA
Employers have a legal and ethical duty to protect workers from winter hazards, and OSHA makes this obligation clear through its standards and the General Duty Clause. One of the first responsibilities is providing appropriate PPE and warming shelters so workers can stay safe and recover from cold stress during breaks. Employers must also adjust work schedules to maximize daylight and warmer hours, reducing exposure during the coldest parts of the day.
Another critical duty is to clear snow and ice from walkways, ladders, and worksites to prevent slips, trips, and falls. Similarly, vehicles and heavy equipment must be inspected and maintained regularly to ensure safe operation in icy or low-visibility conditions.
Beyond physical protections, employers should train workers to recognize the early signs of frostbite and hypothermia, encouraging prompt reporting to avoid severe health outcomes. Finally, a solid emergency response plan must be developed, communicated, and enforced so that every worker knows what to do if a cold-stress incident occurs. Together, these responsibilities not only ensure compliance with OSHA but also build a safer, more productive workplace in winter conditions.
Wrap Up
Winter brings serious risks for outdoor workers, from frostbite and hypothermia to slips, falls, and vehicle hazards. By following OSHA’s winter safety guidelines, employers can create safer worksites and protect employees from preventable injuries and illnesses. Providing proper PPE, adjusting schedules, clearing hazards, and training workers are not just compliance measures; they are essential steps to safeguard lives and maintain productivity through the cold months. As 2025 approaches, making winter safety a priority ensures healthier workers, fewer accidents, and stronger overall performance in the workplace.
